Buch lesen: «Living Science – 3. Decisive experiment»

© Word Rem, 2021

ISBN 978-5-0055-5024-8 (т. 3)

ISBN 978-5-0055-5025-5

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Living Science

What is "Science of the Future"? It is very difficult to predict this. Until the twenty-first century, people talked about giant dams, cities under a glass dome in the Arctic Circle, bases on the Moon and apple orchards on Mars. Time has adjusted forecasts. Since the beginning of the Millennium, electronic means of processing and disseminating information have been spreading. Reality is no longer so important to people. A wide range of sensations from touching it is given by personal computers, mobile phones, which are hardly distinguishable from them, news feeds, films and realistic games.

The development of space research occurs most of all at the level of enthusiasts – individuals with financial resources.

Much in science itself depends on individual researchers. Everything starts with them. Powerful state institutions, in the best case, only pick up their ideas.

So what, in subtle details, "Science of the Future" – you ask. – Does the author know something, or is he just thinking about it?

– But how do you react to such an assumption that pure science is able to reveal intelligent, or only with the rudiments of reason, creatures that live next to us? The results of experiments and, in general, our whole life depend on their will. They can be subjugated and used as you see fit. Own economic welcoming brownie, sculpted according to all the rules from ethereal matter – this is also the Science of the Future.

How do you feel about this?

Or, the state will be interested in the fact that by creating a semblance of temples or pyramids, it is possible to achieve a certain influence on the consciousness of millions and billions of citizens. And this is more likely not a religion, but technocratic magic. Managing people without advanced tracking systems, video cameras and smartphone spies is the limit of the officials' imagination. Or such structures can be used by religious preachers who want an immediate increase in spiritual wealth.

How do you feel about the fact that Living Science, relying on the material similarities of objects of the past in the present, will effectively restore everything that once existed? Yes, exactly, from an earthen jug of the time of King Xerxes to, imagine, a man?

Hard.

I suggest you, reader, researcher, to disassemble the scattering of my experiments. Here, amidst rusty debris, jumbled wires, and white-light lamps, you will find the Grain

Light is faster than light

… From the science known to us, taught in schools, has spun off, now already similar to magic, its secret peak. It happened in the first half of the twentieth century.

First of all, scientists, whose portraits you see on the pages of textbooks, introduce the provision that light particles do not have a rest mass. These corpuscles themselves lose the status of material formations and are henceforth called "pure energy". And, this despite the fact that energy is an abstract meaning, it is just the body's ability to do work. A particle with an electric charge, spin, a complex internal structure turns into a quantum of energy that does not have any of the presented characteristics. How is this possible? This state of affairs seeks to represent the Special and General Theories of Relativity, formulated at the beginning of the twentieth century.

There is a basis for the creation of the theory of SRT and GRT. This is a curious behavior of light. First, its speed seems to be always the same. It is equal to the constant C – 300 thousand kilometers per second, even when the source moves towards the observer. The principle of arithmetic addition of velocities does not apply here. Otherwise, the starry sky would appear to us as a set of glowing lines. The stars move fairly quickly and revolve around their axis. If their speed were transferred to particles of light, photons, arriving at an observer on Earth sooner or later, would blur the image of the star. But is this a reason for the statement: "The speed of light does not depend on the movement of the source"? Yes and no. Photons with a speed different from C exist. This is a common occurrence.

However, the method of registering them should be different.

The Mössbauer effect is known.

Two crystals cooled to almost absolute zero, with barely vibrating atoms, are not able to exchange quanta, unless they begin to move relative to each other at a speed of several centimeters per second. The quanta fly through the crystal without finding an atom with a suitable absorption spectrum. As soon as the absorber of quanta starts to move, photons pass through it and are registered by the detector.

The starry sky is made up of dots, not luminous lines.

The gamma counter stops receiving radiation when the speed of the radioactive crystal is sufficient

Process diagram. The condition for the reception of a gamma quantum by the nucleus is the equality of the levels of radiation – absorption of the elementary receiver and transmitter.

For a successful quantum transfer, the absorption and emission lines must cross. This is possible only when two objects – a transmitter and a receiver – have a mutual velocity lower than the thermal velocities of their constituent microparticles.

Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun (red dwarf). This star belongs to the Alpha Centauri system and revolves around a common center of mass. Don’t you think that this dwarf has a semblance of a «tail» of lagging photons?

In other words, the emission lines must either completely coincide or intersect. If objects have a lot of elementary particles moving with thermal velocities in all directions, the possibility that they will "see" each other, even moving with considerable speed, remains. And yet, the speed of mutual movement, until the complete disappearance of optical contact, is limited.

We do not see these celestial bodies as optical similarities of comets due to the fact that the speed of light is limited by the intersection of emission-absorption lines in our eyes and the matter of stars. Otherwise, for example, Barnard's "flying" star, which moves across the firmament the diameter of the moon in 170 years, would look like a tailed star. But – we must look more closely. Perhaps artificially created ideas about the finiteness of the speed of light prevent astronomers from noticing a certain blurring of stars (and especially double stars) in the direction of travel.

…One of the author’s long-standing experiments is the transillumination of a rotating semitransparent disk. The photographs show that closer to its edge, where the linear velocity is higher, the screen becomes more transparent (whereas with a stationary disc, the illumination is uniform). The higher the mutual speed of the light source and the obstacle, the lower the probability of absorption by the screen of «non-standard» quanta.

From left to right from maximum speed to minimum speed. One of many samples

… We take a thin textolite disk, connect it to the axis of the electric motor and spin it up to a linear speed of 15 m. S. Below is the emitter. This is not at all a weakly radioactive crystal of cobalt 57, frozen to 80K, but an ordinary (incandescent or mercury) lamp connected to the household network. We photograph from above with a digital camera (in previous experiments, a film camera was used). Compare the images at the maximum and minimum, about 1 ms, rotation speeds.

At high speeds, the disc is "bleached".

A disk or a photodetector – photons don't care. At "non-standard" quantum velocities, cameras or eyes are simply not able to absorb and fix a normal photon of visible light. Accelerated or slowed down by elementary emitters quanta (those microparticles that move towards us or away from us) bypass their sensitive surface and pass further, like X-rays.

Therefore, the stars seem to us to be points.

Thus, the Mössbauer effect manifests itself not only in the conditions of first-class laboratories, with frozen crystals and gamma-quanta, but also on the table of the amateur experimenter and everywhere in life.

Perhaps the experiments seem naive. Perhaps, in such a setting, they are generally incorrect. But they have Grain in them.

An experience with disc transmission. 1. A translucent disk capable of rotating with a linear velocity of 10 ms. 2. Projection of a spot of light. 3. Light passing through the disk (for clarity, it is shown rotated 90º). 4. Lamp 5. Tube 6. Platform 7. Light flow. 8. Photographic material – photographic paper or photographic film. 9. Translucent area. 10. Electric motor. 11. The area of the spot that becomes lighter when rotating. 12. The fragment of the spot is darkened in comparison with the one distant from the axis.

An experiment with the transmission of an unevenly heated translucent screen. 1. Light source. 2. Screen. 3 and 4. Heating and cooling devices creating a temperature gradient. 5. Semi-transparent screen that regulates the intensity of the light flux. 6. Light sensitive material.

… The movement of the screen can be replaced by a heated screen. The atoms of the barrier fluctuate faster. This experiment is described in detail in the publication "TM" No. 5, 2000. – "Temperature and radiation". The light stream passes through the glass with a gradient from 200 C to room temperature. The photographic paper located behind the screen captures the appearance of dark stripes longitudinal to the gradient. The heated area becomes more transparent. Thus, the idea that photons with a non-standard speed are less likely to be captured by matter is confirmed.

… The emission and absorption of radio waves are collective. Different groups of microparticles are involved in the process. In metals, these are free electrons with high intrinsic velocities. Therefore, radio waves, "superluminal" and "before light" more easily manifest themselves. Experiments on the radar of celestial bodies, such as Venus, carried out by American and Soviet astrophysicists in 1961, show that the speed of an electromagnetic wave is added to the speed of the planet itself. SRT supporters argue that relativistic calculations are necessary for the functioning of the global positioning system satellites. This is not true. The adjustment of the position of the stations in orbit is carried out according to the "reference points" on the Earth, without the Lorentz formulas, tensors and "time dilation".

We are surrounded by streams of hidden light particles that can be detected. Light substance is capable of creating structures that have zero speed relative to atoms and molecules.

Zero-velocity photons are capable of creating «clouds» of information structures.

We measure the speed of light. At home

Based on the materials of the author’s articles in the TM magazine, No. 10, 2001 and No. 3, 2002.

…In a household fluorescent lamp, the plasma temperature is on the order of tens of thousands of degrees. This corresponds to the movement of charged particles at a speed of about 100 km / s. Photons emitted by ions flying with a speed V must have a speed C + V, directed along the axis of the lamp parallel to the photographic film, in accordance with the classical ballistic principle of the addition of velocities (and not with the SRT formulas). If this is the case, then the spot will be displaced in the direction of movement of the ions emitting light. But if the second postulate of SRT is true, then the light spot will not shift. The speed of the light source V will not add to the value C. The course of the experiment. I use a miniature neon lamp with a glass sheath that is transparent to UV radiation. At a pressure of about 0.1 mm Hg, a distance between the electrodes of 1.7 mm and an operating voltage of 220 V, inert gas ions are capable of acquiring a speed comparable to the speed of light C. Light from such a radiator passes through a narrow diaphragm (or camera obscura) and hits the screen, located parallel to the plane of the emitter electrodes at a distance of 0.8 m. The direction of the current in the lamp can be changed using a diode. After switching on, a lamp image appears on the projection screen. Both electrodes and the gas discharge column between them are clearly visible. When the direction of the current is changed, the image is displaced in the direction of the movement of positive ions by 11 mm with an absolute error of 0.2 mm. This means that the speed of light C is added with the speed of movement of its source V according to the classical, «ballistic» principle, and not in accordance with the SRT formulas. The only thing is that it is possible to calculate the speed of the radiation source from a ray of light, outside of spectral analysis, which is no longer in the spirit of the Theory of Relativity. The exact value of the speed of movement of ions in a neon lamp is difficult to determine. According to indirect estimates, it is on the order of 2000 km / s. This is in good agreement with the results of the performed experiment. It follows from this that either the second postulate of SRT is incorrect, or its physical meaning needs some special clarification.

Screen, collimator (obstacle with a hole), neon lamp, electric circuit with a diode – switch for the direction of movement of «accelerated» photons

The light sources used in the experiment are an ultraviolet or the most common 18 W lamp. Option – a halogen bulb.

Scheme of the second experiment with a light accelerator. Screen, prism, collecting lens, collimator, neon lamp, electrical circuit with switch diode

Diagram of the experiment of Italian physicists. A neutrino generated by an atomic reactor travels at a speed exceeding the speed of light.

Scheme of the experience of Siberian scientists. Accelerator. A tube for the removal of light from accelerated particles. Glass plate, «analogue of the world ether», detector

A hypothetical plasma antenna pushing radio waves – a method of accelerated space communication

As the saying goes, "Ein Versuch ist kein Versuch" (search-search), and therefore I put on a second experiment with a neon lamp, fundamentally changing its conditions. The main element is now a glass prism, which deflects light rays of different wavelengths in different ways. If the speed of light is greater than C, the spectrum shifts towards the violet side. If less than C, a "redshift" occurs, as when observing a receding radiation source. But, this is not the Hubble effect. I place the neon lamp so that the plane of the electrodes is perpendicular to the pinhole screen. When the lamp is turned on, a spot of light appears on the screen. After polarity reversal, the beam is shifted by 24 arc minutes. Rejection error 4 minutes. Using well-known formulas, we calculate that in this case the change in the speed of light is 520 km / s, with an error of 85 km / s.

… Scientists from the OPERA group in Gran Sasso, Italy, in contrast to the author of the article, have the ability to directly measure the speed of microparticles. Neutrino either does not have rest mass, like a quantum of light, or it does. Like a photon, it rushes at speed C. The speed of the source itself does not matter. At least that's what is commonly believed. Using synchronized detectors, Italian physicists discover the existence of "small neutrons" moving at a speed exceeding C by 7.5 km. with. The possible error is three orders of magnitude lower than this deviation. The publication will take place in 2011, and immediately attracts a flurry of criticism. Experimenters have to make excuses awkwardly.

In Russia, a direct measurement based on the scheme proposed by the author was carried out by the masters of academic science. Without references to articles by an amateur experimenter. This is evidenced by the publication of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences E. Aleksandrov in the journal "Science and Life", No. 8, 2011. A modest gas-discharge lamp is replaced here by a synchrotron, a cardboard screen and a pinhole camera – photosensors with high-speed oscilloscopes.

“… As a pulsed light source, a synchrotron radiation source (SR) – an electron storage ring“ Siberia-1 ”was used. SR of electrons accelerated to relativistic speeds (close to the speed of light) has a wide spectrum from infrared and visible to X-ray range. Radiation propagates in a narrow cone tangentially to the trajectory of electrons along the abstraction channel and is removed through a sapphire window into the atmosphere. There, the light is collected by a lens onto the photocathode of a fast photodetector. A beam of light on its way in a vacuum could be covered by a glass plate introduced by means of a magnetic drive. At the same time, according to the logic of the ballistic hypothesis, the light, which had previously supposedly had a double speed of 2C, after the window had to acquire the usual speed C ”.

… Experience shows the speed of light, within an error of 0.5%, equal to the known constant C. In the experiment of these scientists, the question of how to divert light from elementary particles moving in the opposite direction is not even raised. The corpuscles rotate in the accelerator exclusively counterclockwise, at different speeds. There are no reports that the experiment was performed with light from particles accelerated by half, at three-quarters of the standard speed in the synchrotron. Comparing the results on a high-speed oscilloscope screen would dot the I. The only element of experience here is the glass plate. However, who said that such a screen is able to equalize the speed of photons to standard C?

… One of the peculiarities of Living Science is that we consider the interaction of macroscopic bodies as a result of individual interactions of particles.

What else can Living Science offer?

According to Living Science, the Sun, all celestial bodies exchange the heat of the bowels through the gravitational tremors of the microparticles that fold them

…The transfer of heat energy is possible not only by electromagnetic waves but also by means of the gravitational field. In the first case, according to the laws of classical quantum mechanics, the interaction is transmitted by quanta. What is the «quantum of the electromagnetic field» is spelled out in textbooks – a photon, an oscillating thread, for visible light having a length of 3 meters. Scientists write dully about quanta of static magnetic and electric fields. Sometimes «gluons» appear in the interaction schemes. How they help microparticles communicate over long distances is not clear. It is very difficult to imagine the forces of attraction going into infinity as a set of glomeruli. Until now, the experiment has not even measured the speed of propagation of gravitational waves. The simplest option is vacuum, the displacement of the ball is to measure the response speed of the second object. By default, in calculations of the position of celestial bodies, the speed of gravity is considered infinite. In another version, it is equal to the speed of light. And gravitational forces, most likely, represent a web of connections between elementary receivers and transmitters of the field – microparticles. In this case, heat transfer by means of gravitational interaction is quite possible.

Experience with magnets. The metal magnetized powder in the thermostat is communicated by means of a magnetic field with a magnet that is heated by electricity. The temperature sensor does not detect heating in the thermostat

Output…

… It is believed that the radioactive elements contained in the volume of the planet are responsible for heating the earth's interior for 3.5 billion years. No matter how much you leaf through textbooks, you will not find a report on what exactly these elements are, what their number and half-life should be in order to maintain the temperature for so long. And why, finally, the peddling chain reaction did not blow our Earth to pieces. Our option. The planets are held together by the gravity of the sun. Through the same channel, by means of "remote diffusion" of microparticles, heat is transferred from the star's reactor to the bowels of the planet. The Earth is exchanging such latent heat with the Moon. Recall that Selena is not so cold. The temperature of the mantle is 200 C, and iron is boiled in the core. A certain share in the heat exchange between bodies is occupied by the so-called "hidden light". Only arrays of matter with the same spectrum, temperature, composition as the sender are capable of catching the hidden component of the beam. Such receivers-receivers are certain layers of the Sun (a recognized source of energy) and the core of the Earth.

…A heated magnet must transfer heat to other magnets by means of its «quivering» magnetic field, even through obstacles. The author set up experiments. Within 0.1 C, when one of the magnets was heated at 120 C, at a distance of 4 cm, no heat transfer occurred. The result for the suspension of magnetized metal powder turned out to be negative. However, this does not mean that this phenomenon does not exist in nature.