FROM THIS MOMENT ON FOR THE FLEEING PASSENGERS
BEGINS A 5 MINUTES COUNTDOWN
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:19 and 50 seconds am: After a total of about 10 minutes waiting in the hallway in the back, the two CCTV surveillance cameras of the Ritz, filmed the last images of the Princess still alive, while exiting in silence from the small secondary door of the luxurious hotel. It is a warm late summer evening, particularly sultry, but not gloomy at all. At the flash of the few photographers hidden there, Diana appears with a casual outfit of a rather sporty cut, a well-worn black blazer, white stretch pants, long but summery and Versace pump shoes with medium-low heel.
She is not carrying anything, not a handbag and nor even a mobile phone, it seems that she might have dressed like that, purposely lightweight and sporty, to give the impression she was not undertaking a long journey, or to cover the eventuality of having to rush or to run away on foot, in case an emergency would have happened. She is certainly not going on a super stylish illuminated runway with a crimson red carpet, where all the superstars of the globe parade, and there are absolutely no macho bodyguards or crowds of photojournalists with cameras and TV broadcasting worldwide from behind the barriers.
Diana comes out in an absolute silence of a cold and dark vibe, the atmosphere brings shivers as in a thriller film that causes high tension and great fear. The Princess is dressed like one of the many simple girls next-door, white summery trousers, tight on her slim legs that enhance her fast walk in the darkness of this dreary road she is using to flee in secret.
Just out of the hotel, the couple is now preceded by Henri Paul walking on the side-walk that borders the back of the Ritz. Instantly, the flashes of the few photojournalists sputter continuously their blazing lights, it seems to hear a continuous loud noise, a crackle of fireworks and a loud rustling, like the sudden fall of hail stones of disproportionate size. They're about to reach the Mercedes parked a few ten meters away on the right central side of the road Rue Cambon, next to the same side-walk bordering the hotel. One in front of each other there is Henri Paul, then Diana and, right after, Dodi followed by the second bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones.
A few meters after exiting the back door of the hotel, with a faster pace, Trevor Rees-Jones passes Dodi and reaches Diana while she is walking alone, then he holds on tight to her as a way to protect her. The group arrived at the Mercedes that awaits them, the engine is running, the car is ready in the middle of the road. An employee of the hotel opens the doors. Observing the vehicle, Henri Paul turns to the attendant and, with a warning tone, he asks him: «Why aren't the windows darkened, couldn't you bring a different car?». Then, turning to the paparazzi standing there, almost smiling, he shouts: «Are you ready? You are not going to get me!».
However, the four passengers quickly take seat in the new vehicle. Trevor Rees-Jones keeps the rear door on the left open for the Princess and helps her sit, Diana gets in the car without taking her blazer off, Dodi enters through the same door, sitting to the left next to Diana. Behind the wheel, it's Henri Paul, beside him Trevor Rees-Jones.
Dodi receives another phone call as soon as he gets in the vehicle. Henri Paul puts the Mercedes in gear and leaves quickly, they are chased by many motorcycles and cars driven by photographers, other people and onlookers, that did not fell for the trick of the two Mercedes.
The reason for which some photographers were also present on the dark street of Rue Cambon at the back of the Ritz is due to the fact that:
1) Paparazzi are well organized.
2) That night the paparazzi present there are numerous because somebody alerted them.
3) The paparazzi have assistants and with them they have surrounded the Ritz Hotel structure.
4) The paparazzi communicate with each other rapidly through mobile phones and long range walkie-talkies.
5) There are printing services, such as the one of James Andanson and Guy Croussy, which inform about all the movements and the appearence of VIPs. External agents, working for the journalists of these services, are guys who use motorcycles and scooters. They are many, young, cheap and they have the cellphone numbers of all photojournalists registered with the agencies of their printing service, all that it takes is to send a single information message, SMS or text to reach them all in just one second.
6) Like the secret services, also the most obstinate paparazzi have a tiny bug-radar device, easily applicable to the vehicle they have decided to stalk or intercept. The waves emitted by the device are reflected at a specific frequency to a central body, the waves then return to the receiver that automatically compares the visual field between the emission frequency and the one received. The transmitter can then trace the location of the trajectory while the vehicle is in motion, follow its movements or identify the shape, the position and the area in which it is situated at that moment.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12.20 am: The Mercedes with the foursome, Diana, Dodi and their two bodyguards, moves away at full speed. A few paparazzi immediately take some pictures. Some witnesses said: «the Mercedes was chased by a single car and two motorcycles». But this information results to be fake, in reality the chase was done by an entire procession formed by a dozen motorcycles and cars. In contrast to what someone asserted, during the whole ride Trevor Reese-Jones never buckled up his seat-belt.
The Mercedes of the couple is now stopped in front of the red traffic light of Place de la Concorde. From inside the vehicle Diana, a bit frightened, looks all around her. On of the paparazzi will later say: «It seemed that, among the chasers, the Princess identified someone she knew very well because she turned to Dodi pointing towards the outside of the window». Seeing that, despite the traffic light still being red, Dodi orders to his driver to leave immediately.
From this moment on, until reaching the Alma Tunnel, the speed of the Mercedes will increase considerably. Some have stated that a top speed of 150 to 180 km per hour has to not be excluded. It is very dangerous to cross the big and crowded roadway of Place de la Concorde, it intersects with other stop lights connected with dozens of longitudinal lanes. A French journalist has confirmed that, according with the data registered by a speed camera located about 400 meters before the entrance of the Alma Tunnel, Diana's Mercedes was travelling at 196 km per hour. Along that section of the Along Seine the maximum allowed speed is 50 km per hour. However, the Mercedes was able to break away from the parade of paparazzi.
1997 Sunday, August 31, around 12:22 am: Right before entering the tunnel of death, the Eiffel Tower, all light up, is the last panoramic view that the couple is able to admire in the night sky of Paris.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:23 and 56 seconds am: The motorcyclist Eric Pètel (one of the eye witnesses) is overtaken by Diana's Mercedes, shortly before it entered the Alma Tunnel.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:23 and 57 seconds am: A white Fiat Uno, from the right roadway parallel to Rue J. Goujon, is about to enter the Along Seine on at full speed, to later come across with Diana's Mercedes. The Fiat has a broken exhaust and emits a high pitch and crackling noise, like the stuttering of powerful rounds of gunfire.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:23 and 58 seconds am: From this moment, the sudden entrance of the Fiat combined with its deafening noise, catches Henri Paul by surprise, alarming him. In an attempt to avoid the impact on the right side, The Mercedes deviates quickly to the left and starts drifting. The driver Henri Paul is unable to slow down his vehicle or to control its direction and continues his ultra-high-speed race zigzagging.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:23 and 59 seconds am: François Levistre (one of the eye witnesses) sees Diana's Mercedes skidding, from the rear-view mirror of his grey Ford Ka. To better see what is happening, he immediately parks his car at the end of the tunnel on the right, but he does not get out of his vehicle.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:24 am: The Mercedes enters the tunnel. Right now, immediately after having swiped along the pillar No. 3, the Mercedes with Diana on board crashes fatally against the pillar No. 13 of the Alma Tunnel.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:24 and 2 seconds am: Every vehicle that was inside the tunnel during the dash and the crash, gets out of it, including the white Fiat Uno. Later, through various testimonies it will be identified that this Fiat belongs to Le Van Thanh.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 00:24 and 3 seconds: In the lit and silent darkness of the tunnel, a strange atmosphere reigns. The Mercedes is alone, placed sideways facing the opposite driving direction, it is almost at the centre of the roadway, but closer to the right side of the wall and with the left wheel on the side-walk. Its nose is quite crumpled and the engine is smoking. On the ground there are patches of oil and water, but very little petrol. Both headlights are still on and the muffler, still attached, is hanging to the ground. The horn is still on and it owls uninterruptedly.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:24 and 15 seconds or so am: After entering the tunnel with his motorcycle, Eric Pètel approaches the recently crashed Mercedes. After looking inside (without opening the doors) and after seeing the four victims, he immediately hops on the saddle of his motorcycle and exits the tunnel to alert the police from a phone booth that is located right above the tunnel.
1997 Sunday, August 31, around 12:25 am: Also François Levistre leaves the tunnel with his Ford Ka.
1997 Sunday, August 31, around 12:25 and 30 seconds or so am: To the sight of the Mercedes, smoking and howling, in the middle of the road, other vehicles, and the motorized procession of photojournalists behind them, stopped at the entrance to the tunnel, blocking the entry of both lanes. The first photojournalist that got closer (on foot) to the damaged Mercedes is named Serge Arnal. The second is the photographer Romuald Rat, followed by his colleague Christian Martinez.
1997 Sunday, August 31, around 12:26 am: A vehicle stops on the opposite lane of the tunnel, it is Dr. Frèdèric Maillez, who was there by chance. He approaches the Mercedes and returns to his car, right after, to take an oxygen mask. In the meantime he calls for medical aid. Having returned to the victims, he assists the Princess right away. Diana is alive, she talks, but has an internal haemorrhage in the lungs.
Sunday morning of August 31 1997 was just born, in the dark of the night which anticipated the dawn. Precisely at 12:24 am, Lady Diana remained victim of a serious car accident, in the Alma Tunnel, located in the centre of Paris. The armoured Mercedes, that transported Diana and Dodi, had left the Ritz Hotel only four minutes before the final impact against the deadly 13th pillar of the tunnel. The vehicle was driven by Henri Paul, beside him there was Trevor Rees-Jones. Soon before entering the fatal underpass, in order to avoid a sudden impact with another vehicle on the right side, the Mercedes violently swerved to the left.
With its high speed, the Mercedes started to skid, swiping along the third pillar, which is at the beginning of the tunnel on the left of the two lanes roadway, this sudden swerving caused the opening of the airbags of the car, that proceeded rapidly, zigzagging. At this point, the driver's natural instinct forced him to brake all of a sudden, and while being at the beginning of the slope, the vehicle collided violently and frontally against the thirteenth pillar on the left of the gallery.
Right after the impact, the Mercedes, still in movement, spun on itself to later stop, facing the opposite driving direction, almost in the middle of the roadway. The front face of the vehicle is crumpled, the engine is smoking but the passenger cockpit was still intact. The continuous acoustic sound of the horn remained on, filling the void of the silence, left there screaming about the happened tragedy with a resonant echo.
Of the two bodyguards that were in the front seats, the diver died instantly and the other was severely injured. First rescuers found the body of Diana alive, but whining inside the vehicle, while on her left lied the body of her last companion, that died right after an improvised paramedic performed CPR on him for about 10 minutes.
As cause of the accident, in one of the first sheet included in the dossier of the French judicial inquest, it is written: âThe Mercedes at full speed collided accidentally against the pillar n° 13 of the Alma Tunnel in Paris; consequently Dodi Al Fayed died about ten minutes after the crash, while his driver Henri Paul was drunk and was killed instantly. Following the crash, rescue came after about half an hour or, as stated by some, the ambulance arrived after 14 minutes. TV crews instead,were on the scene of the accident after just seven minutes from the impact.
Lady Diana Spencer was taken to the ER of the hospital Pitiè-Salpêtrière of Paris and after having surgery and being embalmed, she was declared dead, shortly afterwards, at 4:05 am of that same morning.
The only survivor of that accident is the young Trevor Rees-Jones that, badly injured, was subjected to intensive care in the same hospital. This agent of the security of the Al Fayed family was probably the only one that had fastened the safety beltâ.
Let's see the personal testimony of Dr. Frèdèric Maillez, who found himself on the place two minutes after the crash. His deposition has been an integral part of the French inquest, information that he has repeated to the newspaper âThe Scotsmanâ on 09/29/1997:
«Princess Diana was still alive after the crash, she was sitting on the floor between the two rear seats of the vehicle when I approached her, she had her back turned to me. She could move, she was lying semi-conscious badly injured, she was in shock, complaining for the pain, without a doubt she had some serious internal bleeding. The external appearance of Diana was essentially ordinary, without wounds, with no trauma or serious damage visible. In my opinion the Princess could have been saved, however she needed to be urgently taken to the hospital for surgery».
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:27 am: Two agents of the nearby team VIII Arrondissement of Paris arrive on the place of the crash. They entered the tunnel right after being alerted by some pedestrians.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:31 am: Some TV crews have already arrived in the underpass. The French Agency AFP Agence France-Presse broadcasts the news: «A few minutes ago, Princess Diana of England has been severely injured in a car accident under the Alma tunnel in Paris. Police headquarters have confirmed that, by her side in the crashed vehicle, there was also an Arabian Prince who was badly injured. Right now the police commissioner of Paris, Philippe Massoni, and the chief of the Investigative Police, Patrick Riou, are on the site of the accident.
According to the earliest information, a group of photojournalists and paparazzi, on board of cars and motorcycles, were chasing the car carrying the two princes, these journalists would be the cause and directly responsible for the serious accident».
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:37 am: There is a lot of confusion under the Alma tunnel. Among a bustle of onlookers on the crash site, other journalists, photographers and several radio stations progressively appear, including CNN. The police, however, have already secured the perimeter in both exits, at least 30 meters away from the crumpled Mercedes. Apparently all the rescuers are present (firemen), but the medical help ambulance has not arrived yet.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:38 am: Diana is still inside the Mercedes, she is deeply agitated, suffering and moving her head left to right, softly groaning and whispering sentences in English.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:39 am: At this time the first ambulance of SAMU (Service Aide Mèdicale Urgente) arrives on the place of the accident. During rescue, Diana will be the third person to be taken from the semi-curled Mercedes before being hospitalized in the ambulance n° 75. Dodi's corpse is placed in another ambulance before her. Then also Henri Paul's corpse is removed and placed in a second ambulance.
The remains of Dodi and Henri Paul are brought at the legal-medical Institute in Paris. It is said that this morgue, located in Quai de la Rapèe, offers a prestigious legal reports service. This is a place where many corpses are kept, awaiting for an autopsy or for their identification. The structure has a large capacity for maintaining dead bodies of all sort: suicides, dead on the public street, road accidents and deceased for many other circumstances.
The night of August 30/31 1997, there were 23 corpses at the morgue of Paris (other journalists mentioned 24) waiting to be subjected to an autopsy. Among these corpses there was also that of a man who had committed suicide with gas and the dead body of another man suffering from cirrhosis, with his liver crushed by alcohol. The remains of Dodi and Henri Paul are among these cadavers. The doctor and head of this legal-medical Institute is Professor Dominique Lecomte.
Regarding the assistance offered by doctors in favour of Princess Diana, from the moment of the rescue onward, news will reflect an escalation of mysteriousness, poor health care and amateurism that involved an entire team of medical rescuers and hospital specialists.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:40 am: Philippe Boyer, Sergeant fireman of the Malar barracks, located about 300 meters from the tunnel, has been on the place of the accident for about 5 minutes. He starts working, focusing on the assistance of those who are rescuing Diana.
The Princess, more and more restless, is about to be pulled out of the vehicle. Boyer commented: «Lady Diana did not seem to have exaggerated breathing difficulties. Her pulse rate was good, she could move her left leg and left arm, her right arm was broken and stuck backwards. She was trying get her back up and she was constantly moving her head, groaning and mentioning words in the English language. Of the expressions she whispered, the only word I could understand was: âMy God! My God! My God!â...». Yes, the last words expressed by Diana were, for three times: âMy Godâ.
1997 Sunday, 31 August, 12:43 am: Before being extracted from the Mercedes, Diana was moving violently, almost as if she did not want to be touched, she seemed to want to hinder any kind of medical assistance. The two paramedics of the ambulance No. 75, responsible of the first aid given to the Princess were: Dr. Arnaud De Rossi (SAMU coordinator) and Dr. Jean-Marc Martino (specialist in anaesthetic and reanimation). At that time Dr. Martin, based on the weight of Diana and her clinical status, gave her a sedative injection containing Hypnovel-2mg and Fentanyl-150 mg (a narcotic analgesic to induce loss of consciousness and alleviate the pain).
According to what was referred by Dr. De Rossi: «Diana calmed down immediately after, so it was possible to remove her from the wreckage of the Mercedes». Then, inside the ambulance, she was given a drip, but since Diana was moving energetically, doctors had to immobilize her by force to be able to introduce the needle in the vein of her arm. The opinion on the diagnosis, according to Dr. De Rossi was: «Young woman, unconscious, with a locked arm and blurring of sensory faculties».
1997 Sunday, 31 August, 12:44 am: Dr. Martino, says in his statement: «Diana sometimes shouted some words in English, they were understandable but they lacked logic and consistency. Not understanding the English language I would not know what she meant».
The fact that happened from this moment on, may have been the cause that killed the Princess. The ambulance, at this moment, should have left with urgency for the closest hospital to the Alma tunnel, but this does not happen.
The ambulance does not leave at all. Many years after the crash, Francis Gillery, author of the book Lady died, questioned Professor Phillippe Dartevelle, French doctor specialized in thoracic and vascular surgery. Dartevelle confirmed to Gillery an analysis already published by journalists of the âTime Magazineâ and then quoted in the book by two Americans, Scott McLeod and Thomas Sancton, who asked: «Why wasn't Diana immediately transferred to a hospital, as you do in the United States?» Dr. Dartevelle said «The only chance to save the Princess was her urgent transfer to a surgical facility» and he added: «In a SAMU van, means for Intensive Care are very limited. In a case like this, you need to immediately go to a thoracic surgery ward, since the medical resuscitation involves opening the patient's chest to immediately stop the bleeding.
Obviously, when a blood vessel, that starts from the heart or that goes into the heart, tears, as it might happen in this kind of accident, it is necessary to operate on the patient. No transfusion, no per-fusion, no ventilation can adjust the problem of such trauma».
1997 Sunday, 31 August, 12:45 am: At the accident site, a truck-crane with a special machine necessary to cut the metal sheets of a damaged vehicle arrives to remove any of the stuck occupants. Trevor Rees-Jones is the only one still inside the Mercedes, his health condition is even more serious than Diana's, therefore it is necessary to cut the roof of the car to be able to pull him out. Some have asserted: «Even if it is not expected from a bodyguard to fasten his seat belt while in service, it seems that Trevor did so, and his disregard to the rules is what saved his life».
1997 Sunday, August 31, 12:50 am: Also Olivier Bonnefond, commissioner of this area of Paris, arrives to the place of the crash. He is the first to be present at the accident site as a ranked military police agent. Among the many photojournalists and or the paparazzi who are there, 17 are arrested (The paparazzi classification is referred only to photographers, excluding reporters).
1997 Sunday, August 31, around 12:55 am: According to newspaper reports on the scene of the accident, at this specific time, there is also Maud Coujard, deputy public prosecutor of the First Division of the Prosecutor Office of Paris. La Coujard states: «Considering the personality of one of the victims, the Princess, this is a special case and it is within the competence of the Criminal Team».
1997 Sunday, August 31, 1:20 am: It has been almost an hour since the crash happened, Lady Diana has been in the ambulance n° 75 for about 40 minutes. The ambulance is still stopped under the Alma underpass. As reported by Dr Martino of the ambulance that carried Diana: «We, medical staff, are waiting for a phone call to know to which hospital we have to bring the famous Princess Diana, but in the meantime her blood pressure started to fall and is increasingly falling some more».
Contradicting the justification given by Dr. Martino, in the official French inquest it will be written: âThe reason for which the ambulance, with the Princess on board, was delayed to leave for the hospital was due to the difficulties the rescuers had, to extract Diana from the car body of the crumpled Mercedesâ.
NB. Contrary to what the judge wrote the inquest, both the post-crash photos, and the testimony of the eyewitnesses say: «All the rear doors of the vehicle involved in the accident, as well as the front ones, opened very well and immediately. No crumpled car body ever obstructed the immediate extraction of the Princess form the Mercedes».
When the very first rescuer, Dr. Frederic Maillez helped Diana at 12:25 am or so, the rear doors were already open. He said: «The engine was crumpled, but not the rear body of the car, also Diana was sitting on the floor between the rear seats and NOT trapped between the crumpled debris».
Beyond that, in a photograph taken from the French inquest dossier and then published in France in 2006, in the book by the investigative journalist Jean-Michel Caradec (photo taken by Romuald Rat), you can see part of Dodi's penis showing out of his trousers, and you can clearly glimpse the magical moment when Dr. Maillez assisted Diana, while the rear door is fully open and the back of the car interior is intact. No, there was no trouble in extracting Diana from the body of the Mercedes.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 1:24 am: An hour after the crash, French Agency AFP (Agence France-Presse-Paris) spread a press release coming from Buckingham Palace, the headline reports, as title: âA predictable accidentâ and continues with this text: âA spokesperson for Buckingham Palace has officially stated that the accident in which Princess Diana was seriously injured last night, between Saturday and Sunday, August 30-31 in Paris, while she was being chased by some paparazzi, was absolutely to be predicted in advanceâ.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 1:39 am: Lady Diana has been in the ambulance for about an hour. As stated by the two paramedics: «At this very moment, the long-awaited telephone call from SAMU has arrived. They communicated us that the patient can be transferred to the hospital Pitiè-Salpêtrière of Paris». Diana's ambulance leaves. In many have wondered: «It could have urgently departed from the tunnel at least one hour before, at around 00:30.
Will these two doctors be able to deliver Diana to the hospital while she is still alive?». According to the testimony of the 2 doctors of the ambulance: «During the painfully slow transportation, Diana suffered from a fatal cardiac arrest. Her survival was in an incredibly critical stage».
1997 Sunday, August 31, around 01:50 am: The Minister Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the Ambassador of the United Kingdom in France, Sir Michael Jay, are already at the hospital Pitiè-Salpêtrière, waiting for the ambulance that is carrying the Princess of Wales.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 1:59 am: There is evidence and testimonies indicating that shortly before this time, or however, around 2:00, Diana actually passes away.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 2:00 am: This is the time of arrival of the Chief Commissioner of the Criminal Investigation Department of Paris to the site of the crash, Martine Monteil. After completing his preliminary interrogation under the Alma underpass, he ends his report with this accusation: âWith the aim of photographing the unfortunate victims of the accident, the photojournalists (paparazzi) are accused of having hindered the rescuesâ.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 2:08 am: According to those present, the ambulance with Diana on board arrives at the Emergency Room of the hospital Pitiè-Salpêtrière at this time (the time of arrival as reported in the Official inquest is: 2:06 and 58 seconds am). About 90 minutes have passed since Diana was assisted by the doctors (at around 12:39 am), then treated inside the Ambulance (at around 12:43 am), and finally brought to the hospital (at around 2:07 am).
NB. Other detectives and reporters who were present there have calculated and confirmed:
a) The ride of the ambulance from the Alma tunnel to the hospital lasted 43 minutes.
b) From the moment in which Diana was rescued and then treated inside the ambulance, then the waiting and the slow ride, up to the delivery to the hospital, around 105 minutes have passed.
1997 Sunday, August 31, 2:09 am: There is a very interesting statement made by a surgeon, (he prefers to be called âprofessor L.â anonymous by his request), on duty at the hospital Pitiè-Salpêtrière that tragic night: «Diana perished in the ambulance, shortly before her arrival, or at the same time she was taken out of the ambulance and brought into the Emergency Room of the hospital. The Princess bled to death».
1997 Sunday, August 31, 2:10 am: According to the Judicial version of the official inquest: âAt the arrival of the Princess at Gaston-Cordier, a surgical ward of Salpêtrière, there was a quick external examination diagnosed by two doctors on shift that night at the hospital emergency room (Dr. Moncef Dahman and professor Alain Pavie).
Riou gave order to Dahman (general surgeon on call that night) to urgently open Diana's thorax, directly on the stretcher, meaning while she was still on the gurney of the ambulance. Riou, then, further widened the opening made by his colleague and, after a brief diagnosis, with the help of Pavie, stitched the damaged vein. Literally taking Diana's heart in the palm of his hand, Riou attempted several times to restart it, but in vainâ
1997 Sunday, August 31, 2:30 am: Commander of the Police, Jean-Claude Mulès, arrives at the site of the crash. He is an officer of the Investigative Police on duty for the criminal department. As soon as Mulès arrives on the site he immediately contacts Police Commissioner Olivier Bonnefond, who was already there since 12:50 am, and together they suggest to support the theory of the âHuntingâ. In this very first official report, they mention the depositions of the first four eyewitnesses.
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